Recognize Bacterial

The first bacterium discovered by Anthony van Leeuwenhoek in 1674 using a homemade microscope. The term bacterium was introduced at a later date by Ehrenberg in 1828, taken from the Greek word βακτηριον which means "small stick".

Bacteria, from the Latin word bacterium (plural, bacteria), is the largest group of living organisms. They are very small (microscopic) and mostly unicellular (single celled), with a relatively simple cell structure with no nucleus / nucleus, cytoskeleton, and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Their cell structure is described further in the article about prokaryotes, because bacteria are prokaryotes, to distinguish them from organisms that have more complex cells called eukaryotes. The term "bacteria" has been applied to all prokaryotes or to a large group of them, depending on ideas about their relationship.

Bacteria are the most abundant of all organisms. They are spread (being everywhere) in soil, water, and as symbionts of other organisms. Many pathogens are bacteria. Most of them are small, usually measuring only 0.5 to 5 μm, although there are species can reach 0.3 mm in diameter (Thiomargarita). They generally have cell walls, such as plant and fungal cells, but with very different composition (peptidoglycans). Many who move using flagella, which differ in structure from the flagella of other groups.

Bacteria cell structure

As prokaryotes (organisms without nucleus membrane) in general, all bacteria have a relatively simple cell structure. Structure is the most important bacterial cell wall. Bacteria can be classified into two groups: Gram positive and Gram negative based on differences in the structure of the cell dinging. Gram positive bacteria have cell walls composed of thick layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid. While Gram-negative bacteria have outer layer, lipopolysaccharide - consists of a membrane and a thin peptidoglycan layer located on periplasma (in between the outer layer and cytoplasmic membrane).

Many bacteria have structures outside the cell such as flagella and fimbria that is used to move, stick and conjugation. Some bacteria also have a capsule or slime layer that helps the bacteria on a surface attachment and biofilm formation. Bacteria also have a chromosome, ribosomes, and several other species have granules of food, gas vacuoles and magnetosom.

Some bacteria can form endospores that enable them to survive in extreme environments

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Saturn

Saturn is a planet in the solar system known also as the ringed planet. Saturn is very far distance from the Sun, because that Saturn did not seem very clear from the Earth. Saturn evolved in 29.46 years. Every 378 days, Earth, Saturn, and Sun will be in a straight line. In addition to evolve, Saturn also rotates in a very short time, which is 10 hours 14 minutes.

Saturn has a low density because most of the constituent substances in the form of gases and liquids. Saturn's core is estimated to consist of solid rock with atmospheric gas composed of ammonia and methane, it is not possible life on Saturn.

Saturn's rings are very unique, consisting of thousands of rings around the planet. Ring-forming material is still unknown. The scientists suggest that the ring was not possible because it is made of solid slabs will be destroyed by centrifugal force. However, it may also be made of the liquid due to centrifugal force will lead to the emergence of a wave. So far, it is estimated that the most likely form the rings are chunks of ice meteorite.

Until 2006, Saturn has 56 known natural satellites of fruit. Seven of them massive enough to be spherical collapse under its own gravity. They are Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan (largest satellite with a size larger than the planet Mercury), and Iapetus.

Physical Form

Saturn has a shape that is flattened at the poles, and dibengkakkan out around the equator. Saturn's equatorial diameter of 120 536 km (74 867 miles) where the diameter of the North Pole to South Pole for 108 728 km (67 535 miles), differ by 9%. Flattened shape is due to the very fast rotation, rotating every 10 hours 14 minutes of Earth time. Saturn is the only planet in the solar system density less than water. Although the core of Saturn has a density greater than water, the planet has an atmosphere containing gas, so that the density of the relative planet for is 0.69 g / cm ³ (less than water), as a result, if Saturn is placed above pond full of water , Saturn would float.

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Adjective or Relative Clauses

Adjective clause is also called the Relative Clause is part of the sentence (clause) that provide information on the person or thing that preceded it. Relative terms similar to Clause Adjective Clause. Called Adjective Clause because he explains things or people that preceded it. Called Relative Clause because he connects (to relate) the object or the person behind the phrase. Relative clause begins with the conjunctive who, whom, Whose, which, that, with the following functions

Who: describe the person as a subject

Whom: people describe it as an object (to replace me, you, us, him, her,

them, it)

Whose: describe the person as the owner (replacing my, your, our, his, her, Their,

its)

Which: describes the object as subject and object

That explains a person or thing as either subject or object

Tricks that can be used to solve a problem as follows:

1.  If the word before the points are showing a human, and after the points are verbs or auxiliary verbs like to be or modals, or auxiliary 'do' (is, is not, do, do, will, won 't, can, can not, was, was not, etc.), then the contents of the dots is who.

2.  If the word before the points are showing a human, or humans is followed by a preposition like with, to, by, from, etc. and after the points are the subject (noun, the name of the person, or pronouns: I, you, we she , he, it, etc.), then the contents of the dots is whom.

3.  If the word before the dots are showing people, or animals, and said after the dots is a noun, then the contents of those points is Whose.

4.  If the dots before the word is a noun that indicates non-human, then the contents of the points is which.

Thus the answers to the questions above are: 1. who, 2. whom, 3. Whose, and 4. which, 5. Whom.

Example :

1. Fast food, which most people love, is not very healthy.
2. Students who are keen to learn get good grades.
3. You know someone whose grandfather served in World War II.
4. My father and me waiting all night outside the Apple store are trying to purchase a new iPhone.
5. Fruit that is grown organically is expensive.

Pirated software is currently

Since the middle of this year, Microsoft re-seller asserted on the computers that they no longer will tolerate behavior that could make the other computer vendors, companies and consumers bear the risk due to market sellers of pirated software. According to information reported by the Department of Justice Regional Microsoft, based in Singapore, currently the largest software manufacturers that continue to roll out anti-piracy campaign. The goal is to identify the dealers who sell new PCs containing pirated Microsoft software.

The method used, Microsoft spreading private investigator who was assigned to buy a new computer at random in computer stores and sends it to the computer software engineers. Computers are purchased and then tested whether fitted with original and licensed software or pirated. From the studies carried out in Jakarta, Bandung, Medan, Makassar and Surabaya, revealed that 60 percent of computer dealers who were randomly selected to sell computers with the original software in it. That is, there are still 40 percent of sellers who sell counterfeit computer software.

"These initiatives may seem very hard. Some dealers are proven installing pirated software is not happy, "said Jonathan Selvasegaram, Microsoft Regional Attorney. "However, they need to understand why we do it," he said. Selvasegaram said the past six months, Microsoft has received 369 complaints and reports from consumers. "They reported the problem on their computers that are installed pirated software," ujarnya.Selain, according Selvasegaram, a number of consumer and PC dealer who has always install the original software also approached Microsoft. "They asked what steps we did to chain stores that offer pirated software," he said.

Selvasegaram said, the dealers could not compete honestly admitted. "If we do not take the initiative, consumers will suffer the consequences, honest dealer can go bankrupt," said Selvasegaram. "We will be firm but fair and give priority to establish the principle of mutual respect," he said.

Exercises

1. I talked to the woman, she was sitting next to me.(who)

2. I have a class, it begins at 8.00 AM.(which)

3. The man called the police. His car was stolen.(whose)

4. The building is very old. He lives there.(where)

5. The woman was Mrs Silvy. I saw her.(whom)

Answer :

1. I talked to the woman who was sitting next to me.

2. I have a class which begins at 8:00 AM.

3. The man whose car was stolen called the police.

4. The building where he lives is very old

5. The woman whom I saw was Ms.Silvy.

sumber :

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/example-adjective-clauses.html

http://novenrique.blogspot.com/2010/02/relative-clause-adalah-bagian-dari.html

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Active Voice & Passive Voice

Active sentence (active voice) is the subject of his sentence which does the job, on the contrary, the passive voice (passive voice) is the subject of his sentence which is the work by the object of the sentence. Active voice is more often used in everyday life than the passive voice. However, often we find the passive voice in newspapers, articles in magazines and scholarly writings. Passive voice is used as the object of the active voice is more important information than its subject.

Rumus :

Simple past tense :

Active => verb 2 (ed)

Passive => was/were + verb 3

Simple present tense :

Active => verb 1 (+ s/es)

Passive => Is/am/are + verb 3

Present perfect tense :

Active => has/have + verb 3

Passive => has/have + been + verb 3

Present continous tense :

Active => is/am/are + verb ing

Passive => is/am/are + being + verb 3

Present future tense :

Active => will + verb 1

Passive => will + be + verb 3

Past perfect tense :

Active => had + verb 3

Passive => had + been + verb 3

Present perfect continous tense :

Active => has/have + been + verb ing

Passive => has/have + been + being + verb 3

	Active Voice	Passive Voice	Tenses
1	Fanni waters this plant every five days	This plant is watered by fanni every five days	Simple Present
2	Farhan is meeting them now	They are being met by farhan now	Present Continuous
3	He was reading a newspaper	A newspaper was being read by him	Past Continuous
4	She has studied English	English have been studied by her	Present Perfect
5	She will water this plant this afternoon	This plant will be watered by her this afternoon	Simple Future
6	They have been writing a letter	A letter have been being written by them	Perfect Continuous
7	They had studied Al-Qur'an	Al-Qur'an had been studied by them	Past Perfect
8	I wrote a novel yesterday	A novel is written by me yesterday	Simple Past

Article Active and Passive Voice

Electronics

Electronics plays a part in almost everyone life.radio and television sets are electronics devices .so are tape recorders and video or movie cameras and their projectors.doctors and dentist use x-ray machines,one of the first electronic inventions.in a long distance phone call,your voice is relayed over a great distance by other electronic devices.

Electronics is also important in industry,large x-ray machines are used to ‘see’ trought as much 10 to 20 inches of solid metal,in this way engineers can detect weaknesses inside such things as welded pipes ,airplane wings ,and railroad-car wheels.another electronic device counts cant oving alon a belt in a canning factory.if a dented can comes along,an electronically controlled steel bar pushes the dented can off the belt.

Electronic instrument are important in scientific research.atomic physicists work with giant electronic machines called particle accelerators.these accelerators are also called atom smashers.scientists turn to electronic computers to do huge amount calculating.electronic miscroscopes magnify very small things far beyond the power of any kind of microscope.

Radar ia another valuable electronic invention.it guides airplanes into crowded airpots,even when the ground is covered by fog.it enables pilots to locate and fly around storm high above the earth.missiles,earth orbiting satellites,and space probes are tracked by means or radar

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Subject-Verb Agreement

The most important rules in English language is between subject and verb must be in agreement. That is  if the subject is singular then the verb must be singular too. Otherwise, if the subject is plural then the verb must be plural too.

1. Singular Subject – Singular Verb

The definition of singular subject is subject pronoun he, she, and it, or nouns which can be replaced with he, she, or it. While the definition of singular verbs is verb1+es/s, is/was, and verb phrase as: is/was + verb-ing/verb3, has +verb3, has been verb-ing and has been verb3.


Singular patterns of subject-verb singular is presented in the following table:

	Singular Subject	Singular Verb	Tenses
1	He/She/it	Verb1 + es/s	Simple Present
2	He/She/it	is + verb-ing	present continuous
3	He/She/it	was + verb-ing	past continuous
4	He/She/it	has + verb3	present perfect
5	He/She/it	has + been + verb-ing	present perfect continuous
6	He/She/it	is going to + verb1	simple future
7	He/She/it	is going to + be verb-ing	future countinuous
8	He/She/it	was going to + verb1	past future
9	He/She/it	was going to + be verb-ing	past future countinuous

If the sentence does not use the verb, we used to be:

	Singular Subject	Singular Verb	Tenses
10	He/She/it	is	Simple Present
11	He/She/it	is + being	present continuous
12	He/She/it	was	simple past
13	He/She/it	was + being	past continuous
14	He/She/it	has + been	present perfect
15	He/She/it	has + been + being	present perfect continuous
16	He/She/it	is going to + be	simple future
17	He/She/it	is going to +be being	future countinuous
18	He/She/it	was going to + be	past future
19	He/She/it	was going to + be being	past future countinuous

2. Plural Subject – Plural Verb

The definition of plural subject is a subject pronouns like I, we, you, They, and all plural nouns. While the definition of plural verbs are verbs and verb phrases other than verbs in the singular.

Patterns of plural subject, plural verb is presented in the following table:

	Plural Subject	Plural Verb	Tenses
1	I/You/We/They	Verb1	Simple Present
2	I/You/We/They	am/are + verb-ing	present continuous
3	I/You/We/They	was/were + verb-ing	past continuous
4	I/You/We/They	have + verb3	present perfect
5	I/You/We/They	have + been + verb-ing	present perfect continuous
6	I/You/We/They	am/are going to + verb1	simple future
7	I/You/We/They	is going to + be verb-ing	future countinuous
8	I/You/We/They	was/were going to + verb1	past future
9	I/You/We/They	was/were going to + be verb-ing	past future countinuous

If the sentence does not use the verb (nominal sentence), it used to be:

	Singular Subject	Singular Verb	Tenses
10	I/You/We/They	am/are	Simple Present
11	I/You/We/They	am/are + being	present continuous
12	I/You/We/They	was/were	simple past
13	I/You/We/They	was/were + being	past continuous
14	I/You/We/They	have + been	present perfect
15	I/You/We/They	have + been + being	present perfect continuous
16	I/You/We/They	am/are going to + be	simple future
17	I/You/We/They	am/are going to +be being	future countinuous
18	I/You/We/They	was/were going to + be	past future
19	I/You/We/They	was/were going to + be being	past future countinuous

Example:

	Singular Subject - Singular Verb	Plural Subject - Plural Verb
1	She cook	She cooks
2	Dani is eating a fast food	They are eating a fast food
3	She was playing beach volly	They were playing beach volly
4	She has danced	They have danced
5	She has been cooking	They have cooking
6	He is going to dance	They are going to dance
7	She is going to be stadying	They are going to be stadying
8	He was going to pray	They are going to pray
9	She was going to be praying	They were going to be praying
10	She is bad to me	They are bad to you

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